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Introduction to
In
‘C++’ the programmer is responsible for both creation and destruction of objects but usually the programmer
is giving very much importance for creation of objects and he is ignoring the
destruction of objects. Due to this at creation point of time there may not be
sufficient memory for the creation of new objects and entire program may fails.
But in java programmer is responsible only for creation of objects but sun
people has introduced one assistance which is running continuously in the background
for destruction of objects. Due to this assistance there is no chance of
failing the java program due to memory problem, this assistance is nothing but “Garbage
Collector”. The ways to make an object eligible for Garbage Collector Even
though the programmer is not responsible for destruction of objects it’s good programming
practice to make an object eligible for Garbage Collector if it is no longer
required. The following are different ways for this Nullifying the reference
Variable
If an object is no longer required assign null to all its
reference variables.
Ex:
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student();
s1 = null;
s2 = null;
Reassigning the reference Variable
Ex:
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student();
s1 = s2;
The
Objects Created inside a method. The objects which are created in a method are
by default eligible for Garbage Collector once the method completes
Ex:
1) class
Test
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
m1();
}
public static void m1()
{
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s1 = new Student();
}
}
2) class
Test
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
Student s = m1();
}
public static Student m1()
{
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s1 = new Student();
return s1;
}
}
3) class
Test
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
m1();
}
public static Student m1()
{
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s1 = new Student();
return s1;
}
}
The Island of Isolation
Ex:
class Test
{
Test i;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t1 = new Test();
Test t2 = new Test();
Test t3 = new Test();
t1.i = t2;
t2.i = t3;
t3.i = t1;
t1 = null;
t2 = null;
t3 = null;
}
}
Note: 1)
If an object doesn’t have any reference variable that object is always eligible
for Garbage Collection
2) Even
though object having the reference variable still there may be a chance of that
object eligible for Garbage Collection (Island of Isolation …Here ‘i’ is
internal reference)
The methods to
request JVM to run Garbage Collector
We can request JVM to run Garbage
Collector but there is no uarantee whether JVM accepts our request or not. We
can do this by using the following ways.
By System class
‘System’ class contains a static ‘gc’
method for requesting JVM to run Garbage Collector.
System.gc();
By Using Runtime Class
A java application can communicate
with JVM by using Runtime Object. We can get Runtime Object as follows.
Runtime
r = Runtime.getRuntime();
Once we get Runtime Object we can
apply the following methods on that object.
freeMemory(): returns the free
memory available in the loop
totalMemory(): returns heap size
gc(): for requesting JVM to run
GarbageCollector
Ex:
import
java.util.*;
class
RuntimeDemo
{
public
static void main(String arg[])
{
Runtime
r = Runtime.getRuntime();
System.out.println(r.totalMemory());
-> 2031616
System.out.println(r.freeMemory());
->1870416
for(int
i= 0; i<= 10000; i++)
{
Date
d = new Date();
d =
null;
}
System.out.println(r.freeMemory()); -> 1633032
r.gc();
System.out.println(r.freeMemory()); -> 1923992
}
}
Note:- gc() method available in the
system class is static method but gc() method available in Runtime class is an
instance method.
Q) Which of the following is the
valid way for requesting JVM to run gc?
System.gc();
\/
Runtime.gc();
X -> not a static
(new
Runtime()).ge(); X -> we can’t create Object
Runtime.getRuntime().gc(); \/
Finalization
Just
before destroying any object Garbage Collector always calls finalize() to
perform clean up activities.finalize() is available in the Object class which
is declared as follows.
protected
void finalize() throws Throwable
{
}
case1: Garbage Collector always calls
finalize() on the Object which is eligible for Garbage Collector and the
corresponding class finalize method will be executed.
Ex:
class Test
{
public static void main(String arg[])
{
String s = new
String("raju");
//Test s = new Test();
s = null;
System.gc();
System.out.println("end of
main method");
}
public void finalize()
{
System.out.println("finalize
method called");
}
}
O/P:- end
of main method.
In this
case String Object is eligible for G.C and hence String class finalize() method
has been executed. In the above program if we are replacing String Object with
Test Object then Test class finalize() will be
executed.
In this
case O/P is end of main method
finalize
method called
or
finalize
method called
end of
main method
case2: we can call finalize() explicitly
in that case it will execute just like a normal method and object won’t be
destroyed.
While executing finalize() method
if any exception is uncaught it is simply ignored by the JVM but if we are calling
finalize method explicitly and if an exceptions is uncaught then the program
will be terminated
abnormally.
Ex:
class Test
{
public
static void main(String arg[])
{
Test
s = new Test();
//s.finalize();
s =
null;
System.gc();
System.out.println("End
of main method");
}
public
void finalize()
{
System.out.println("finalize
method");
System.out.println(10/0);
}
}
O/P:- finalize method
end of main method
Q) which of the following statements are true
1) JVM ignores all exceptions which
are raised while executing finalize()
2) JVM ignores only uncaught
exceptions which are raised during execution of
finalize()
case3:-
1) Garbage Collector calls
finalize() only once on any object i.e it won’t call more than once.
2) While executing finalize() there
maybe a chance of object getting reference variable at that timeG.C won’t destroy that object after
completing finalize()
3) If the same object is eligible
for G.C second time with out executing finalize() method G.C will destroy that
object.
Ex:
class FinalizeDemo
{
//Test
s;
public
static void main(String arg[])
{
FinalizeDemo
f = new FinalizeDemo();
System.out.println(f.hashcode());
f =
null;
System.gc();
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println(s.hashCode());
s =
null;
System.gc();
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("End
of main method");
}
public
void finalize()
{
System.out.println("finalize
method called");
s =
this;
}
}
The behavior of G.C is vendor
dependent hence there is no guarantee for the following
1) Whether the G.C follows mark
& sweep algorithm or not
2) What exact Algorithm followed by
Garbage Collector
3) In which order Garbage Collector
destroys Object
4) Whether Garbage destroys all
eligible objects or not
5) At what
time exactly Garbage Collector will run.
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